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For most of us, our default mode of operating in the world is to be caught up in our thinking. The idea of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in the early 1970s. All you need to do is change the way you do things you’re already doing each day.
This idea of prospect theory, developed by Tversky and Kahneman and reported in a classic 1979 article (for which the Nobel prize was awarded) demonstrated that individuals do not make decisions rationally by selecting options with the highest expected value, because they are risk-averse and 'losses loom larger than gains.'.
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky provide perhaps the best theoretical framework in which to understand the phenomenon. We will pay far more for a medical operation that increases our chance of surviving from 0% to 1% than one that increases it from 10% to 11%.
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